Accurate, continuous blood pressure monitoring is essential for preventing cardiovascular events, yet conventional cuffs and wearable sensors often suffer from discomfort, motion interference, and poor alignment. Hypertension remains one of the world's leading causes of heart disease, stroke, and premature mortality. Although regular blood pressure tracking can significantly reduce cardiovascular risks, traditional cuff-based measurements disrupt daily activity and are unsuitable for continuous monitoring.
Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, and collaborating institutions report a new implantable ultrasound-based blood pressure monitoring system in a paper published in Microsystems & Nanoengineering on November 6, 2025. The study presents a subcutaneous device built on a 5 × 5 mm² piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) array that continuously measures arterial diameter changes to reconstruct BP waveforms. Through comprehensive laboratory validation and an in vivo implantation in an ambulatory sheep, the team demonstrates that the device achieves clinically reliable systolic and diastolic measurements with minimal calibration error.
The newly developed system relies on a dense 37 × 45 PMUT array fabricated using CMOS-compatible processes. Each PMUT features a 29-µm diaphragm and operates at approximately 6.5 MHz in water, enabling high axial resolution and strong echo penetration through tissue. The dual-electrode bimorph design significantly enhances acoustic output, while an optimized deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process ensures high structural uniformity across the array.
To derive blood pressure, the device measures the time-of-flight between ultrasound echoes reflected from the anterior and posterior arterial walls. This time interval is converted into a real-time diameter waveform, which correlates directly with blood pressure through vessel stiffness models. Bench-top tube experiments confirmed the linear relationship between diameter and pressure, and simulations revealed that wearable systems can lose up to 60% signal strength with only 1 mm of misalignment—an issue the implanted design avoids.
During in vivo testing, researchers implanted the PMUT system above the femoral artery of an adult sheep. The device successfully captured detailed pressure waveforms, including features such as the dicrotic notch, and matched gold-standard arterial line measurements within −1.2 ± 2.1 mmHg (systolic) and −2.9 ± 1.4 mmHg (diastolic). These results demonstrate that the minimally invasive design maintains stable coupling and accurate long-term performance.
The study shows that ultrasound-based implants can achieve the stability and precision required for continuous blood pressure monitoring without the drawbacks of cuffs or fragile wearables. By capturing arterial diameter changes directly through subcutaneous sensing, the device avoids issues like gel dependence, environmental noise, and misalignment. The findings suggest that this technology could support long-term hypertension management and provide clinicians with richer cardiovascular data than periodic measurements allow.
This implantable PMUT-based system represents a promising alternative to conventional BP monitoring tools for patients requiring continuous, unobtrusive measurement. Its stability against tissue growth, motion, and environmental interference makes it particularly suitable for long-term hypertension management, early detection of cardiovascular abnormalities, and integration into digital health platforms. Future advances—such as beamforming to mitigate positional shifts and data-driven analytics for individualized risk prediction—could further expand its clinical utility. Ultimately, this technology may enable preventive care strategies by providing continuous, high-fidelity cardiovascular data in real-world environments. The research is detailed in the paper available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-025-01019-w.
